Don ƙara ƙarfin injunan konewa na ciki, ana amfani da na'urori na musamman - turbochargers.Karanta game da abin da turbocharger yake, menene nau'ikan waɗannan raka'a, yadda aka tsara su da kuma waɗanne ka'idodin aikinsu ya dogara, da kuma game da kulawa da gyara su, a cikin labarin.
Menene turbocharger?
Turbocharger shine babban bangaren tsarin matsi na injunan konewa na cikin gida, naúrar don ƙara matsa lamba a cikin sashin ci na injin saboda kuzarin iskar gas.
Ana amfani da turbocharger don ƙara ƙarfin injin konewa na ciki ba tare da tsangwama ba a cikin ƙirarsa.Wannan naúrar yana ƙara matsa lamba a cikin sashin shayarwa na injin, yana samar da ƙarin adadin man fetur-iska ga ɗakunan konewa.A wannan yanayin, konewa yana faruwa a yanayin zafi mafi girma tare da samuwar iskar gas mai girma, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a matsa lamba akan piston kuma, a sakamakon haka, zuwa karuwa a cikin karfin juyi da halayen wutar lantarki.
Yin amfani da turbocharger yana ba ku damar ƙara ƙarfin injin ta hanyar 20-50% tare da ƙarancin haɓakar farashinsa (kuma tare da ƙarin gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci, haɓakar wutar lantarki zai iya kaiwa 100-120%).Saboda saukinsu, dogaro da ingancinsu, ana amfani da tsarin matsi na tushen turbocharger akan kowane nau'in injin konewa na ciki.
Nau'i da halaye na turbochargers
A yau, akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na turbochargers, amma ana iya raba su zuwa kungiyoyi bisa ga manufar su da kuma amfani da su, nau'in turbine da aka yi amfani da su da ƙarin ayyuka.
Bisa ga manufar, turbochargers za a iya raba zuwa da dama iri:
• Don tsarin matsi-mataki-ɗaya - turbocharger ɗaya ga injin, ko raka'a biyu ko fiye da ke aiki akan silinda da yawa;
Don jerin da tsarin-daidaitacce tsarin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki (bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen Twin Turbo) - raka'a iri ɗaya ko daban-daban waɗanda ke aiki akan rukunin gama gari na cylinders;
• Don tsarin matsa lamba biyu, akwai turbochargers guda biyu tare da halaye daban-daban, waɗanda ke aiki a cikin nau'i-nau'i (dabi'u ɗaya bayan ɗaya) don rukuni ɗaya na cylinders.
Mafi yawan amfani da su sune tsarin matsa lamba guda ɗaya wanda aka gina akan turbocharger guda ɗaya.Duk da haka, irin wannan tsarin na iya samun raka'a guda biyu ko hudu - alal misali, a cikin injunan V-dimbin yawa, ana amfani da turbochargers daban-daban don kowane jere na cylinders, a cikin injunan silinda da yawa (fiye da 8) ana iya amfani da turbochargers hudu, kowanne daga cikinsu. wanda ke aiki akan 2, 4 ko fiye da silinda.Kadan na kowa shine tsarin matsi na matakai biyu da bambance-bambancen Twin-Turbo, suna amfani da turbochargers guda biyu tare da halaye daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya aiki a cikin nau'i-nau'i kawai.
Dangane da aikace-aikacen, ana iya raba turbochargers zuwa ƙungiyoyi da yawa:
• Ta nau'in injin - don man fetur, dizal da na'urorin wutar lantarki;
• Dangane da girman injin da wutar lantarki - don raka'a na wutar lantarki na ƙananan, matsakaici da babban iko;don injuna masu sauri, da dai sauransu.
Turbochargers za a iya sanye su da ɗayan nau'ikan turbine guda biyu:
• Radial (radial-axial, centripetal) - ana ciyar da iskar iskar gas zuwa gefen turbine impeller, yana motsawa zuwa tsakiyarsa kuma an fitar da shi a cikin hanyar axial;
• Axial - ana ba da kwararar iskar gas ɗin tare da axis (zuwa tsakiyar) na injin turbine kuma ana fitar da shi daga gefensa.
A yau, ana amfani da tsarin biyu, amma a kan ƙananan injuna sau da yawa zaka iya samun turbochargers tare da turbine radial-axial, kuma a kan raka'a mai karfi, an fi son turbines axial (ko da yake wannan ba shine ka'ida ba).Ba tare da la'akari da nau'in turbine ba, duk turbochargers suna sanye take da kwampreso na centrifugal - a cikinsa ana ba da iska zuwa tsakiyar injin da kuma cire shi daga gefensa.
Turbochargers na zamani na iya samun ayyuka daban-daban:
• Mai shiga guda biyu - injin turbine yana da abubuwa guda biyu, kowannensu yana karɓar iskar gas daga rukuni ɗaya na cylinders, wannan bayani yana rage raguwar matsa lamba a cikin tsarin kuma yana inganta kwanciyar hankali;
• Motsa jiki mai canzawa - injin turbine yana da ruwan wukake masu motsi ko zobe mai zamiya, ta hanyar da zaku iya canza kwararar iskar gas zuwa injin daskarewa, wannan yana ba ku damar canza halayen turbocharger dangane da yanayin aikin injin.
A ƙarshe, turbochargers sun bambanta a cikin halayen aikin su na asali da ƙarfin su.Daga cikin manyan halayen waɗannan raka'a ya kamata a ba da haske:
• Matsakaicin karuwar matsin lamba - rabon iska a cikin fitarwa na kwampreso zuwa matsa lamba na iska a cikin mashigai, yana cikin kewayon 1.5-3;
• Ƙimar daɗaɗɗen iska (gudanar iska ta hanyar kwampreso) - yawan iskar da ke wucewa ta hanyar kwampreso ta kowane lokaci (na biyu) yana cikin kewayon 0.5-2 kg / s;
• Matsakaicin saurin aiki ya tashi daga ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwan (don locomotives dizal masu ƙarfi, masana'antu da sauran injunan dizal) zuwa dubun dubatar (na injunan tilastawa na zamani) juyi juyi a sakan daya.Matsakaicin saurin yana iyakance ta ƙarfin injin turbine da kwampreso impellers, idan gudun jujjuyawa yayi tsayi da yawa saboda dakarun centrifugal, dabaran na iya rushewa.A cikin turbochargers na zamani, maki na gefe na ƙafafun na iya juyawa a cikin saurin 500-600 ko fiye da m / s, wato, sau 1.5-2 da sauri fiye da saurin sauti, wannan yana haifar da bayyanar siginar motsin injin;
• Matsakaicin aiki / matsakaicin zafin jiki na iskar gas a mashigar zuwa turbine yana cikin kewayon 650-700 ° C, a wasu lokuta ya kai 1000 ° C;
• Ingancin injin turbine / kwampreso yawanci 0.7-0.8 ne, a cikin raka'a ɗaya ingancin injin yana ƙasa da ingancin injin kwampreso.
Har ila yau, raka'a sun bambanta da girman, nau'in shigarwa, buƙatar amfani da kayan aikin taimako, da dai sauransu.
Tsarin Turbocharger
Gabaɗaya, turbocharger ya ƙunshi manyan sassa uku:
1.Turbine;
2.Compressor;
3. Gidajen zama (gidaje na tsakiya).
Misali na al'ada na injin konewa na ciki tara tsarin matsi na iska
Turbine naúrar ce da ke juyar da makamashin motsa jiki na iskar gas ɗin da ke fitar da iskar gas zuwa makamashin injina (a cikin jujjuyawar motsi), wanda ke tabbatar da aikin kwampreso.Kwampreso naúrar ne don fitar da iska.Gidan da aka ɗaure yana haɗa raka'a biyu zuwa tsari guda ɗaya, kuma madaidaicin rotor da ke cikinsa yana tabbatar da canja wurin juzu'i daga motar turbine zuwa dabaran kwampreso.
Sashen Turbocharger
Turbine da compressor suna da irin wannan zane.Tushen kowane ɗayan waɗannan raka'a shine jikin cochlear, a cikin sassan gefe da na tsakiya wanda akwai bututu don haɗawa da tsarin matsa lamba.A cikin kwampreso, bututu mai shigowa yana koyaushe a tsakiya, shaye-shaye (fitarwa) yana kan gefen.Irin wannan tsari na bututu don turbin axial, don radial-axial turbines, wurin da bututun ya zama akasin haka (a kan gefen - ci, a tsakiya - shaye).
A cikin akwati akwai dabaran da ruwan wukake na musamman.Dukansu ƙafafun - injin turbine da kwampreso - ana riƙe su ta wani shinge na yau da kullun wanda ke wucewa ta cikin gidaje masu ɗaukar nauyi.Ƙafafun suna da ƙarfi-simintin simintin gyare-gyare ko haɗaɗɗun, siffar injin turbine yana tabbatar da mafi kyawun amfani da makamashin iskar gas, siffar kwampreso dabaran ruwan wukake yana ba da matsakaicin sakamako na centrifugal.Na'urori masu tsayi na zamani na iya amfani da ƙafafu masu haɗaka tare da ruwan yumbu, waɗanda ke da ƙananan nauyi kuma suna da kyakkyawan aiki.Girman ƙafafun turbochargers na injunan mota shine 50-180 mm, locomotive mai ƙarfi, masana'antu da sauran injunan dizal shine 220-500 mm ko fiye.
Dukansu gidaje suna ɗora su a kan gidaje masu ɗaure tare da kusoshi ta hanyar hatimi.Ƙaƙƙarfan bearings (kasa da sau da yawa mirgina bearings na musamman ƙira) da O-zobba suna nan.Har ila yau a cikin gidaje na tsakiya akwai tashoshi na man fetur don lubricating bearings da shaft, da kuma a cikin wasu turbochargers da rami na ruwa mai sanyaya jaket.A lokacin shigarwa, an haɗa naúrar zuwa injin lubrication da tsarin sanyaya.
Hakanan za'a iya samar da wasu abubuwan taimako daban-daban a cikin ƙirar turbocharger, gami da sassan tsarin recirculation na iskar gas, bawul ɗin mai, abubuwa don haɓaka lubrication na sassa da sanyaya su, bawul masu sarrafawa, da sauransu.
An yi sassan Turbocharger da maki na musamman na karfe, ana amfani da karfe mai jure zafi don motar injin injin.An zaɓi kayan a hankali bisa ga ƙimar haɓakar haɓakar thermal, wanda ke tabbatar da amincin ƙirar ƙira a cikin yanayin aiki daban-daban.
An haɗa turbocharger a cikin tsarin matsi na iska, wanda kuma ya haɗa da shaye-shaye da abubuwan shaye-shaye, kuma a cikin ƙarin hadaddun tsarin - intercooler (layin cajin iska mai sanyaya), bawuloli daban-daban, firikwensin, dampers da bututun mai.
Ka'idar aiki na turbocharger
Aiki na turbocharger ya sauko zuwa ka'idoji masu sauƙi.An shigar da injin injin naúrar a cikin tsarin shaye-shaye na injin, damfara - a cikin sashin ci.A lokacin da injin ke aiki, iskar gas ɗin da ke fitar da iskar gas ɗin ya shiga cikin injin injin ɗin, ya bugi wulakancin, yana ba shi ɗan kuzarin motsinsa kuma ya sa shi juyawa.Ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga turbine ana watsa shi kai tsaye zuwa ƙafafun compressor ta hanyar shaft.Lokacin juyawa, dabaran kwampreso yana jefa iska zuwa gefe, yana ƙara matsa lamba - ana ba da wannan iskar zuwa nau'in abin sha.
Turbocharger guda ɗaya yana da yawan rashin amfani, babban abin da shine jinkirin turbo ko rami turbo.Tafukan naúrar suna da yawa da wasu rashin aiki, don haka ba za su iya jujjuya kai tsaye ba lokacin da saurin naúrar wutar lantarki ya ƙaru.Sabili da haka, lokacin da ka danna fedarar gas da ƙarfi, injin turbocharged ba ya haɓaka nan da nan - akwai ɗan ɗan hutu, gazawar wutar lantarki.Maganin wannan matsala shine tsarin kula da injin turbine na musamman, turbochargers tare da madaidaicin lissafi, tsarin layi-daidai da tsarin matsa lamba biyu, da sauransu.
Ka'idar aiki na turbocharger
Batutuwa na kulawa da gyaran turbochargers
Turbocharger yana buƙatar kulawa kaɗan.Babban abu shine canza injin mai da tace mai a cikin lokaci.Idan engine iya har yanzu gudu a kan tsohon man fetur na wani lokaci, shi zai iya zama m ga turbocharger - ko da kadan tabarbarewar ingancin man shafawa a high lodi na iya haifar da jamming da kuma halakar da naúrar.Har ila yau, ana ba da shawarar tsaftace sassa na turbine lokaci-lokaci daga adibas na carbon, wanda ke buƙatar rarraba shi, amma wannan aikin ya kamata a yi kawai tare da amfani da kayan aiki na musamman da kayan aiki.
Kuskuren turbocharger a mafi yawan lokuta yana da sauƙin sauyawa fiye da gyarawa.Don maye gurbin, dole ne a yi amfani da naúrar nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) wanda aka sanya a kan injin a baya.Shigar da turbocharger tare da wasu halaye na iya rushe aikin sashin wutar lantarki.Zai fi kyau a amince da zaɓi, shigarwa da daidaitawar naúrar zuwa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun - wannan yana tabbatar da aikin daidaitaccen aikin da aikin injiniya na yau da kullun.Tare da madaidaicin maye gurbin turbocharger, injin zai sake samun babban iko kuma zai iya magance ayyuka mafi wahala.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-21-2023