Dukkan motocin zamani suna dauke da siginar murya, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen hana afkuwar hadurran ababen hawa.Karanta game da abin da siginar sauti yake, menene nau'insa, yadda yake aiki da abin da aikinsa ya dogara da shi, da kuma zaɓin sigina da maye gurbin su.
Menene karar sauti?
Siginar sauti (na'urar siginar sauti, ZSP) - babban abin ƙararrawar sauti na motocin;Na'urar lantarki, lantarki ko na huhu da ke fitar da sigina mai ji na wani sautin (mitar) don faɗakar da sauran masu amfani da hanya don hana yanayi masu haɗari.
Dangane da ka'idojin hanya na yanzu, duk abin hawa da ke aiki a Rasha dole ne a sanye shi da na'urar faɗakarwa mai ji, wanda yakamata a yi amfani da shi kawai don hana haɗarin zirga-zirga.Dangane da sakin layi na 7.2 na "Jerin rashin aiki da yanayin da aka haramta aikin motar", rushewar siginar sauti shine dalilin haramcin aikin motar.Don haka, dole ne a maye gurbin ZSP da ba daidai ba, kuma don yin zaɓin da ya dace na wannan na'urar, yakamata ku fahimci nau'ikan sa, sigogi da mahimman fasalulluka.
Nau'i, tsari da ka'idar aiki na siginar sauti
Za a iya raba ZSP akan kasuwa zuwa nau'ikan iri daban-daban bisa ga ka'idar aiki, abun da ke ciki da sautin sautin da aka fitar.
Dangane da ka'idar aiki da aka shimfida a cikinsu, duk na'urori sun kasu kashi uku manyan kungiyoyi:
● Lantarki;
● Pneumatic da electro-pneumatic;
● Lantarki.
Ƙungiya ta farko ta haɗa da duk ZSP, wanda sauti ke haifar da membrane, yana motsawa a ƙarƙashin aikin madaidaicin halin yanzu a cikin solenoid (electromagnet).Rukuni na biyu ya hada da sigina da sautin ke fitowa ta hanyar iskar da ke ratsa cikin kaho daga mota ko kwampreso nata, wadannan na’urori galibi ana kiransu da kaho.Ƙungiya ta uku ta haɗa da na'urori iri-iri tare da na'urorin samar da sauti na lantarki.
Dangane da abun da ke tattare da sautin da aka fitar, akwai nau'ikan ZSP guda biyu:
● Surutu;
● Tonal.
Ƙungiya ta farko ta haɗa da sigina waɗanda ke fitar da sauti na mitoci masu yawa (daga dubun zuwa dubbai na Hz), wanda kunnenmu ya gane shi a matsayin sauti mai kaifi ko kuma kawai amo.Ƙungiya ta biyu ta haɗa da ZSP wanda ke fitar da sauti na wani tsayi a cikin kewayon 220-550 Hz.
A lokaci guda, tonal ZSP na iya aiki a cikin jeri biyu:
Zanena membrane (disk)siginar sautiZane na siginar sauti na pneumatic
● Ƙananan sautin - a cikin kewayon 220-400 Hz;
● Babban sautin - a cikin kewayon 400-550 Hz.
Ya kamata a lura cewa waɗannan mitoci sun dace da ainihin sautin siginar sauti, amma kowace irin wannan na'urar tana fitar da sauti da sauran mitoci har zuwa dozin kilohertz.
Kowane nau'in ZSP yana da halaye da aikace-aikacen sa, ya kamata a yi la'akari da su dalla-dalla.
Membrane (faifan) siginar sauti
Membrane (faifan) siginar sauti
Ana kiran na'urorin wannan ƙirar electromagnetic, electromechanical ko vibration.A tsari, siginar mai sauƙi ne: yana dogara ne akan na'urar lantarki mai motsi tare da ƙugiya mai motsi wanda aka haɗa da membrane na ƙarfe (ko faifai) kuma a cikin hulɗa tare da ƙungiyar sadarwar.Ana sanya wannan duka tsarin a cikin akwati, an rufe shi da membrane a saman, ana iya shigar da resonator akan membrane - farantin lebur ko kofi don ƙara ƙarar sauti.Jiki yana da madaidaici da tasha don haɗawa da tsarin lantarki na motar.
Ka'idar aiki na faifai ZSP yana da sauƙi.A lokacin da ake amfani da halin yanzu zuwa electromagnet, armature ya koma baya kuma ya tsaya a kan lambobin sadarwa, buɗe su - electromagnet ya ƙare kuma armature ya koma matsayinsa na asali a ƙarƙashin aikin bazara ko elasticity na membrane. wanda kuma yana haifar da rufe lambobin sadarwa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki zuwa electromagnet.Ana maimaita wannan tsari a mitar 200-500 Hz, membrane mai jijjiga yana fitar da sautin mitar da ta dace, wanda kuma za a iya ƙara ta da resonator.
Sigina na lantarki na vibration sune mafi yawan gama gari saboda ƙirar su mai sauƙi, ƙarancin farashi da dorewa.An gabatar da su a kasuwa a cikin nau'i-nau'i iri-iri, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka don ƙananan sautunan da yawa, waɗanda sau da yawa ana sanya su a kan mota a cikin nau'i-nau'i.
Ƙaho na Membrane ZSP
Na'urorin irin wannan suna kama da ƙira da siginar da aka tattauna a sama, amma suna da ƙarin bayani - ƙaho madaidaiciya ("ƙaho"), karkace ("cochlea") ko wani nau'in.Bayan ƙaho yana gefen membrane, don haka girgizawar membrane yana haifar da duk iskan da ke cikin ƙaho don girgiza - wannan yana ba da fitar da sauti na wani nau'i mai ban mamaki, sautin sauti ya dogara da tsayi. da ƙarar ƙaho na ciki.
Mafi na kowa shine ƙananan sigina na "katantanwa", waɗanda ke ɗaukar sarari kaɗan kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai.Kadan kaɗan ne na siginar "ƙaho", waɗanda idan an girma, suna da kyan gani kuma ana iya amfani da su don ƙawata mota.Ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ƙaho ba, waɗannan ZSPs suna da duk fa'idodin siginar girgiza na al'ada, wanda ya tabbatar da shahararsu.
Zane na ƙaho membrane siginar sauti
Siginonin sauti na pneumatic da electro-pneumatic
Electro-pneumatic ƙaho
ZSP na wannan nau'in ya dogara ne akan ka'ida mai sauƙi na samar da sauti daga faranti na bakin ciki yana motsawa a cikin iska.A tsari, siginar pneumatic shine ƙaho madaidaici, a kan kunkuntar sashinsa akwai rufaffiyar ɗakin iska tare da reed ko membrane vibrator - ƙaramin rami a ciki wanda akwai farantin karfe ɗaya ko wani.Ana ba da iska mai ƙarfi (har zuwa yanayi 10) zuwa ɗakin, yana sa farantin ya yi rawar jiki - wannan ɓangaren yana fitar da sauti na musamman, wanda ƙaho yana ƙarawa.
Akwai biyu bambance-bambancen karatu na sigina - pneumatic, bukatar dangane da pneumatic tsarin mota, da kuma electropneumatic, da ciwon nasu kwampreso da lantarki drive.Ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba, ana shigar da ZSP biyu ko uku ko fiye tare da sautuna daban-daban akan abin hawa, wanda ke samun mitar da ake so da ƙarfin sauti.
A yau, siginar huhu ba su da yawa saboda tsadar su, amma ba makawa ne ga manyan motoci masu hayaniya, ana amfani da waɗannan na'urori don daidaitawa.
ZSP
Na'urorin irin wannan suna dogara ne akan na'urorin lantarki na mitar sauti, fitar da sauti wanda ake aiwatar da shi ta hanyar kawuna masu ƙarfi ko masu fitar da wutar lantarki na wasu nau'ikan.Amfanin wannan siginar shine ikon fitar da kowane siginar sauti, amma irin waɗannan na'urori sun fi tsada kuma ba su da aminci fiye da membrane na al'ada ko na pneumatic.
GOSTs da batutuwan doka na aiki na siginar sauti
Babban ma'auni na na'urorin da ke fitar da sauti an daidaita su, kuma an daidaita iyakokin aikace-aikacen su sosai.Duk ZSPs dole ne su bi GOST R 41.28-99 (wanda, bi da bi, ya sadu da Dokar UNECE ta Turai No. 28).Ɗaya daga cikin manyan halayen ZSP shine ƙarfin sauti da suke tasowa.Wannan siga ya kamata ya kasance a cikin kewayon 95-115 dB don babura, kuma a cikin kewayon 105-118 dB don motoci da manyan motoci.A wannan yanayin, ana auna matsi na sauti a cikin mita mita 1800-3550 Hz (wato, ba a kan ainihin sautin radiation na ZSP ba, amma a yankin da kunnen ɗan adam ya fi dacewa da shi).
An ba da sharadi na musamman cewa motocin farar hula dole ne a sanya su da sigina waɗanda ke da mitar sauti wanda ke dawwama akan lokaci.Wannan yana nufin cewa ba kawai nau'ikan ZSPs na kiɗan da aka haramta akan motoci na yau da kullun ba, har ma da sigina na musamman kamar siren, "quacks" da sauransu.Ana amfani da sigina na musamman akan wasu nau'ikan motocin da aka kayyade a daidaitattun GOST R 50574-2002 da sauransu.Amfani da irin waɗannan sigina mara izini yana haifar da alhakin gudanarwa.
Batutuwa na zaɓi da shigar da siginar sauti
Zaɓin ZSP don maye gurbin wanda bai dace ba ya kamata a yi shi bisa nau'in siginar da aka shigar a baya da halayensa.Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da na'urar nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i) da kuma samfurin (saboda haka lambar kasida) wacce aka yi amfani da ita akan abin hawa a baya.Koyaya, yana halatta a shigar da analogues (amma ba akan motar garanti ba) waɗanda suka dace da buƙatun matsin sauti da abun da ke ciki.Har ila yau, sabon siginar dole ne ya kasance yana da halayen lantarki masu mahimmanci (12 ko 24V wutar lantarki) da nau'in, hawa da tashoshi.
Ba abin yarda ba ne don amfani da na'urori tare da mitar sauti mai ma'ana, kuma idan an shigar da na'urori biyu na mitoci daban-daban akan motar, to ba za ku iya sanya siginar sauti mai girma ko ƙasa ba.Har ila yau, ba ma'ana ba ne don amfani da sigina mai ƙarfi na pneumatic akan motocin fasinja - wannan na iya haifar da wasu matsaloli tare da doka.
Siginonin sauti na lantarki na ƙaho
Sauya ZSP dole ne a aiwatar da shi daidai da umarnin don gyarawa da kiyaye abin hawa, da shigar da siginar mara kyau - bisa ga umarnin da aka haɗe da shi.Yawancin lokaci, wannan aikin yana saukowa don kwance sukurori ɗaya ko biyu da haɗa masu haɗin lantarki.
Tare da madaidaicin zaɓi da maye gurbin siginar sauti, motar za ta cika buƙatun aminci kuma ana iya sarrafa ta kullum a kowane yanayi.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-26-2023