A cikin aiki na crank inji na piston injuna, daya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka da aka taka ta sassa da ke haɗa pistons da crankshaft - haɗa sanduna.Karanta game da abin da ake haɗa sandar haɗi, menene nau'ikan waɗannan sassa da yadda aka tsara su, da kuma zaɓi daidai, gyarawa da maye gurbin igiyoyi masu haɗawa a cikin wannan labarin.
Menene sandar haɗawa kuma wane wuri ya mamaye a cikin injin?
Sanda mai haɗawa wani bangare ne na tsarin crank na injunan ƙonewa na ciki na piston na kowane iri;Wani ɓangaren da za a iya cirewa wanda aka ƙera don haɗa piston zuwa jaridar crankshaft daidai.
Wannan bangare yana yin ayyuka da yawa a cikin injin:
● Haɗin injiniya na piston da crankshaft;
● Watsawa daga piston zuwa crankshaft na lokutan da ke tasowa yayin bugun jini na aiki;
● Juya motsin fistan zuwa motsi na jujjuyawar crankshaft;
● Ana ba da man shafawa zuwa fil ɗin piston, bangon piston (don ƙarin sanyaya) da silinda, da kuma sassan lokaci a cikin sassan wutar lantarki tare da ƙananan camshaft.
A cikin injina, adadin sandunan haɗin kai daidai yake da adadin pistons, kowane sanda mai haɗawa yana haɗa da fistan (ta hannun rigar tagulla da fil), kuma ƙananan ɓangaren an haɗa shi da mujallar crankshaft daidai (ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto).A sakamakon haka, an kafa wani tsari mai mahimmanci, wanda ke tabbatar da motsi na kyauta na piston a cikin jirgin sama a tsaye.
Haɗa sanduna suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiki da sashin wutar lantarki, kuma rushewar su sau da yawa yana kashe injin gaba ɗaya.Amma don zaɓin da ya dace da maye gurbin wannan ɓangaren, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci zane da siffofinsa.
Nau'o'i da zane na igiyoyi masu haɗawa
A yau, akwai manyan nau'ikan sanduna masu haɗawa guda biyu:
● Daidaita - sandunan haɗi na al'ada da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kowane nau'in injunan piston;
● Haɗe-haɗe (mai bayyanawa) - naúrar da ta ƙunshi sandar haɗawa ta al'ada da sandar haɗawa da aka rataye ta ba tare da kai ba, ana amfani da irin waɗannan raka'a a cikin injina na V-dimbin yawa.
An kafa zane na igiyoyi masu haɗawa na injin konewa na ciki kuma a zahiri an kawo su zuwa ga kamala (imar yadda zai yiwu tare da ci gaban fasahar zamani), saboda haka, duk da nau'ikan injunan iri-iri, duk waɗannan sassan an shirya su daidai.
Sanda mai haɗawa wani yanki ne mai rugujewa (composite), wanda a cikinsa aka bambanta sassa uku:
● Sanda;
● Piston (babban) kai;
● Crank (kasa) kai tare da murfin cirewa (mai iya cirewa).
Sanda, kai na sama da rabin kan kasa bangare daya ne, duk wadannan sassan suna samuwa ne a lokaci daya wajen kera sandar haɗi.Murfin ƙananan kai wani ɓangare ne na daban wanda aka haɗa da sandar haɗi ta hanya ɗaya ko wata.Kowane ɓangaren ɓangaren sandar haɗawa yana da fasalin ƙirar sa da aikin sa.
Haɗin sanda zane
Sanda.Wannan shine tushen haɗin haɗin da ke haɗa kawunansu kuma yana tabbatar da canja wurin ƙarfi daga shugaban piston zuwa crank.Tsawon sanda yana ƙayyade tsayin pistons da bugun jini, da kuma tsayin injin gaba ɗaya.Don cimma rigidity da ake buƙata, ana haɗe bayanan martaba daban-daban zuwa sanduna:
● I-beam tare da tsari na shelves perpendicular ko a layi daya zuwa ga gatari na shugabannin;
● Cruciform.
Mafi sau da yawa, sanda yana ba da bayanin martaba na I-beam tare da tsari na tsaye na shelves (a dama da hagu, idan kun kalli sandar haɗawa tare da gatari na kawunansu), ana amfani da sauran bayanan martaba akai-akai.
Ana haƙa tashoshi a cikin sandar don samar da mai daga ƙasa zuwa kai na sama, a cikin wasu sandunan haɗin gwiwa ana yin lanƙwasa ta tsakiya daga tashar tsakiya don fesa mai a bangon Silinda da sauran sassa.A kan sandunan I-beam, maimakon tashar da aka haƙa, ana iya amfani da bututun samar da mai na ƙarfe da aka haɗa da sandar tare da maƙallan ƙarfe.
Yawancin lokaci, sandar an yi alama da alama don shigarwa daidai na ɓangaren.
Piston kafa.An sassaƙa rami a kai, wanda aka danne hannun tagulla a cikinsa, wanda ke taka rawar gani a fili.An shigar da fil ɗin piston a cikin hannun riga tare da ƙaramin tazari.Don sa mai firgita saman fil ɗin da hannun riga, ana yin rami a cikin ƙarshen don tabbatar da kwararar mai daga tashar a cikin sandar haɗi.
Crank kai.Wannan shugaban yana iya cirewa, ƙananan ɓangarensa an yi shi a cikin nau'i na murfin cirewa wanda aka ɗora akan sandar haɗi.Mai haɗin haɗin zai iya zama:
● Madaidaici - jirgin sama na mai haɗawa yana a kusurwoyi madaidaici zuwa sanda;
● Oblique - an yi jirgin saman mai haɗawa a wani kusurwa.
| Sanda mai haɗawa tare da madaidaiciyar mahaɗin murfin | Sanda mai haɗawa tare da mai haɗin murfi na tilas |
Mafi yawan sassa na yau da kullum tare da madaidaicin haɗin kai, igiyoyi masu haɗawa tare da mai haɗawa mai mahimmanci ana amfani da su akai-akai akan raka'a na wutar lantarki na V da injunan diesel, sun fi dacewa don shigarwa da kuma rage girman girman wutar lantarki.Ana iya haɗa murfin zuwa sandar haɗi tare da kusoshi da studs, sau da yawa ana amfani da fil da sauran haɗin gwiwa.Za a iya samun kusoshi biyu ko huɗu (biyu a kowane gefe), an gyara ƙwayayen su tare da wanki na musamman na kullewa ko kuma filaye na katako.Don tabbatar da iyakar amincin haɗin gwiwa, ƙulla za a iya samun madaidaicin bayanin martaba kuma a haɗa su tare da sassa masu taimako (tsakanin bushings), don haka madaidaicin sandunan haɗa nau'ikan iri daban-daban ba su canzawa.
Ana iya yin murfin a lokaci guda tare da sandar haɗi ko daban.A cikin akwati na farko, bayan an kafa sandar haɗi, ƙananan kai ya rabu zuwa sassa biyu don yin murfin.Don tabbatar da haɗin kai mai dogara da tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na haɗin gwiwa a cikin lokuta masu rikitarwa, wuraren docking na sandar haɗawa da murfin suna bayanin martaba (haƙori, tare da kulle rectangular, da dai sauransu).Ba tare da la'akari da fasahar masana'anta na sandar haɗawa ba, rami a cikin ƙananan kai yana gundura a cikin taro tare da murfin, don haka waɗannan sassa ya kamata a yi amfani da su kawai a cikin nau'i-nau'i, ba su canzawa.Don hana tururi na sandar haɗi da murfin, ana yin alamomi a cikin nau'i na alamomi daban-daban ko lambobi a kansu.
Zane na haɗa sanduna na iri daban-daban
A cikin ƙwanƙwasa kai, an shigar da babban maɗaukaki (liner), wanda aka yi a cikin nau'i na rabi-rabi biyu.Don gyara belun kunne, akwai ramuka biyu ko huɗu (grooves) a cikin kai, waɗanda suka haɗa da whiskers daidai akan masu layi.A saman saman kai, ana iya samar da hanyar wucewar mai don fesa mai a bangon Silinda da sauran sassa.
A cikin sandunan haɗin kai da aka bayyana, ana yin fiɗa tare da ramukan gundura sama da kai, inda aka shigar da fil ɗin ƙasan kan sandar haɗin da aka binne.Ita kanta sandar haɗin da aka binne tana da na'ura mai kama da sandar haɗawa ta al'ada, amma ƙananan kan nata yana da ƙaramin diamita kuma ba ya rabuwa.
Ana yin sanduna masu haɗawa ta hanyar hatimi ko ƙirƙira, duk da haka, ana iya jefa murfin ƙananan kai.Don kera waɗannan sassa, ana amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan carbon da gami da ƙarfe, waɗanda za su iya yin aiki akai-akai ƙarƙashin manyan kayan inji da na zafi.
Batutuwa na kulawa, gyarawa da maye gurbin sandunan haɗi
Haɗin sanduna a lokacin aikin injin yana fuskantar ɗan lalacewa (tunda manyan lodin ana gane su ta hanyar masu layi a cikin ƙananan kai da hannun riga a saman kai), kuma nakasu da raguwa a cikinsu suna faruwa ko dai tare da rashin aikin injin mai tsanani ko kuma sakamakon. da dogon lokacin da m amfani.Duk da haka, lokacin yin wasu ayyukan gyaran gyare-gyare, ya zama dole a tarwatsawa da tarwatsa igiyoyi masu haɗawa, kuma gyaran wutar lantarki sau da yawa yana tare da maye gurbin haɗin haɗin gwiwa da sassa masu dangantaka.
Ragewa, tarwatsawa da shigar da sanduna masu haɗawa na gaba yana buƙatar bin wasu dokoki:
● Ya kamata a shigar da murfin ƙananan kawuna kawai a kan igiyoyi masu haɗawa na "yan ƙasa", fashewar murfin yana buƙatar cikakken maye gurbin sandar haɗi;
● Lokacin shigar da sanduna masu haɗawa, wajibi ne a kiyaye tsarin shigarwar su - kowane sanda mai haɗawa dole ne ya ɗauki wurinsa kuma yana da daidaitaccen yanayin sararin samaniya;
● Maƙarƙashiyar ƙwaya ko ƙulle dole ne a aiwatar da wani ƙarfi (ta amfani da maƙarƙashiya mai ƙarfi).
Ya kamata a biya kulawa ta musamman ga daidaitawar sandar haɗi a sararin samaniya.Yawancin lokaci akwai alama akan sandar, wanda, lokacin da aka ɗora shi a kan motar da ke cikin layi, dole ne ya fuskanci gabansa kuma ya yi daidai da hanyar kibiya akan fistan.A cikin motoci masu siffar V, a cikin jere ɗaya, alamar da kibiya ya kamata su dubi hanya ɗaya (yawanci jere na hagu), kuma a cikin jere na biyu - a wurare daban-daban.Wannan tsari yana tabbatar da daidaituwar KShM da injin gabaɗaya.
Idan akwai fashewar murfin, idan akwai torsion, deflections da sauran nakasassu, da kuma lalata, an maye gurbin sanduna masu haɗawa gaba ɗaya.Sabuwar sandar haɗi dole ne ta kasance nau'i ɗaya da lambar kasida kamar wadda aka shigar a kan motar a baya, amma har yanzu wannan ɓangaren yana buƙatar zaɓi da nauyi don kula da daidaita injin.Da kyau, duk sandar haɗawa da ƙungiyoyin piston na injin yakamata su kasance da nauyi iri ɗaya, amma a zahiri duk sandunan haɗin gwiwa, pistons, fil da layin layi suna da nau'i daban-daban (musamman idan an yi amfani da sassan ma'aunin gyara), don haka dole ne a auna sassan. kuma an kammala ta nauyi.An ƙayyade nauyin igiyoyin haɗin kai ta hanyar la'akari da nauyin kowane kawunansu.
Ragewa, maye gurbin da haɗuwa da sanduna masu haɗawa da haɗa ƙungiyoyin sanda-piston dole ne a aiwatar da su daidai da umarnin gyara da kiyaye abin hawa.A nan gaba, sanduna masu haɗawa basa buƙatar kulawa ta musamman.Tare da ingantaccen zaɓi da shigarwa na sanduna masu haɗawa, injin zai samar da aikin da ya dace a duk yanayin aiki.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-05-2023