Duk motocin, daidai da dokokin da ake ciki yanzu, an sanye su da na'urori masu haske - fitilolin mota na iri daban-daban.Karanta game da abin da fitilar mota take, menene nau'ikan fitilun mota, yadda suke aiki da aiki, da kuma zaɓi na daidai, sauyawa da aiki na fitilolin mota - karanta labarin.
Menene fitilun mota?
Fitilar mota fitila ce ta lantarki da aka saka a gaban abin hawa.Wannan na'urar tana ba da hasken hanya da kewaye a ƙananan matakan haske, ko kuma cikin yanayin rashin isashen gani.Ana kiran fitilun fitillu a matsayin fitilun kai ko na'urar gani, wanda ke nuna manufarsu da wurin da suke.
Fitilar fitillu ɗaya ne daga cikin mahimman abubuwan hasken mota, suna magance matsaloli da yawa:
• Hasken sashin hanya da kewayen da ke gaban motar a cikin duhu - yana yin hasken kai;
• Hasken hanya a cikin hazo, dusar ƙanƙara, guguwar yashi, da sauransu - yi fitulun hazo;
• Haskaka wurin a nesa mai nisa a wajen hanyoyin jama'a, yayin ayyukan bincike da ceto da kuma a wasu yanayi - yi fitulun bincike da fitulun bincike;
Tabbatar da ganin abin hawa yayin tuƙi a kan titunan jama'a a cikin sa'o'in hasken rana - ana yin fitilun fitillu a cikin rashi ko rushewar fitilun da ke gudana a rana.
Ana sanya waɗannan ayyuka zuwa fitilolin mota na nau'ikan iri da ƙira iri-iri.
Rarraba fitilun mota
An rarraba fitilun mota zuwa nau'ikan bisa ga hanyar samar da hasken haske, manufa, dacewa a cikin tsare-tsaren haske daban-daban da na'ura.
Dangane da hanyar samar da hasken wuta, akwai nau'ikan fitilun mota iri biyu:
• Reflex (mai nunawa) - fitilun fitilun gargajiya tare da nuna alamar parabolic ko hadaddun sifa, wanda ke samar da hasken jagora;
• Hasashen (hasken bincike, lensed, fitilolin mota na tsarin hasken wuta na semi-ellipsoid) - fitilun fitilun zamani tare da ruwan tabarau na gani, wanda ke tabbatar da samar da hasken haske mai ƙarfi tare da ƙaramin girman na'urar gabaɗaya.
Dangane da manufarsu, fitulun mota sun kasu kashi uku:
• Basic (hasken kai) - don haskaka hanya da kewaye a cikin duhu;
• Fog - don haskaka hanya a cikin yanayin rashin isasshen gani;
• Fitilar bincike da fitilun bincike - tushen hasken jagora don haskaka wurin kusa da a nesa mai nisa.
Bi da bi, fitilolin mota sun kasu kashi uku:
• Ƙananan katako;
• Babban katako;
• Haɗe-haɗe - na'ura ɗaya na iya aiki a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan (amma ba a cikin hanyoyi guda biyu a lokaci guda ba, wanda aka bayyana a fili a cikin GOST).
Ƙananan fitilolin fitilun katako sun bambanta a cikin ƙirar hasken rana da kuma fasalulluka na kwararar haske.
Fitilar fitilun mota da aka zube suna haskaka titin da ke gaban motar da kuma hana direbobi su yi dimuwa a cikin layin da ke tafe.Wannan na'urar tana samar da katako mai karkata zuwa ƙasa kuma ana bi da ita a kan hanya, don wannan dalili ana sanya fitilar a gaban abin da ke nuna fitilun fitilun, kuma wani ɓangaren hasken fitilun nata yana da kariya (a ƙasa).Tsuntsayen fitilun fitila na iya samar da katako mai nau'ikan radiyo daban-daban:
Ƙananan fitilolin fitilun katako sun bambanta a cikin ƙirar hasken rana da kuma fasalulluka na kwararar haske.
Fitilar fitilun mota da aka zube suna haskaka titin da ke gaban motar da kuma hana direbobi su yi dimuwa a cikin layin da ke tafe.Wannan na'urar tana samar da katako mai karkata zuwa ƙasa kuma ana bi da ita a kan hanya, don wannan dalili ana sanya fitilar a gaban abin da ke nuna fitilun fitilun, kuma wani ɓangaren hasken fitilun nata yana da kariya (a ƙasa).Tsuntsayen fitilun fitila na iya samar da katako mai nau'ikan radiyo daban-daban:
Aiki na fitilar kai a cikin ƙananan katako
yanayinAiki na fitilun fitila a yanayin tuƙi
• Simmetrical - hasken yana yaduwa gaba ko'ina, sannu a hankali yana rasa ƙarfi tare da karkata daga axis na fitilun fitilun zuwa dama da hagu;
• Asymmetric (Turai) - Hasken haske yana haskaka hanyar da ba daidai ba, ana ba da mafi girman ƙarfin haske a hannun dama, yana rufe layin dama da kafada, ƙaddamar da katako a gefen hagu yana hana direbobi masu makanta a hanya mai zuwa.
Babban fitilun fitilun na haskaka hanya da filin a nesa mai nisa daga motar.Fitilar wannan fitilar tana daidai a cikin mayar da hankali na mai tunani, don haka an kafa katako mai ma'ana na babban ƙarfi, yana jagorantar gaba.
Ana iya amfani da fitilolin mota a cikin na'urorin hangen nesa na makirci daban-daban:
• Tsarin hasken fitillu biyu - ana amfani da fitilun fitillu guda biyu na nau'in haɗaka, wanda ke daidai da ɓangarorin tsakiyar tsakiyar wannan abin hawa;
• Tsarin hasken wuta guda hudu - ana amfani da fitilolin mota guda hudu, biyu daga cikinsu suna aiki ne kawai a cikin yanayin ƙarancin haske, biyu - kawai a cikin babban yanayin haske.An haɗa fitilun fitilun a cikin nau'i-nau'i na "tsoma katako + babban katako", nau'i-nau'i suna samuwa daidai da tsakiyar axis na wannan abin hawa.
Dangane da dokokin yanzu (GOST R 41.48-2004 (Dokokin UNESCO No. 48) da wasu wasu), motoci dole ne a sanye su da tsayayyen fitilolin mota guda biyu da manyan katako, ana iya shigar da fitilolin hazo guda biyu, kasancewar ƙarin tsoma. da manyan fitilun fitilun katako ko kuma, akasin haka, ba a yarda da rashin daidaitattun na'urori ba, irin wannan mota ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba (bisa ga sakin layi na 3 na "Tsarin Sharuɗɗa don Shigar da Motar zuwa Aiki ..." Dokokin Traffic na Rasha. Federation).
Zane da fasali na fitilun mota
Ta hanyar ƙira, fitilolin mota sun kasu zuwa iri da yawa:
• Majalisar ministoci - suna da akwati daban, ana iya ɗora su akan maƙallan jikin mota ko a wani wuri.Wannan nau'in ya haɗa da fitilun mota masu yawa har zuwa 60s, da kuma fitulun hazo, fitilun bincike da fitilun bincike;
• Gina - shigar a cikin niches na musamman da aka bayar a gaban mota;
• Toshe fitilolin mota - haɗa tsomawa da manyan fitilun fitilun katako da alamun jagora cikin ƙira ɗaya.Yawancin lokaci an haɗa su;
• Fitilar fitilun-fitila - fitilu na ƙara girman girma, Haɗe a cikin ƙira ɗaya tare da mai haskakawa da mai watsawa, an gina su a ciki.Mafi na kowa a kan motocin Amurka, a yau ana amfani da su da yawa ƙasa da sau da yawa fiye da fitilun mota na al'ada.
A tsari, duk fitilolin mota iri ɗaya ne.Tushen samfurin shine yanayin da aka shigar da mai haskakawa - madubi mai lankwasa ta wata hanya (yawanci filastik tare da murfin ƙarfe na ƙarfe), wanda ke tabbatar da samuwar hasken haske na gaba.
Akwai nau'ikan tunani guda uku:
• Parabolic - zane-zane na gargajiya, mai nunawa yana da siffar paraboloid na juyawa, wanda ke tabbatar da rarraba haske tare da layin gani;
• Siffar kyauta - mai nunawa yana da nau'i mai mahimmanci tare da yankunan da ke da bambanci daban-daban dangane da juna, yana samar da haske mai haske tare da wani nau'i na radiation;
• Elliptical - wannan shi ne siffar masu hasashe na fitilun fitilun fitilun fitillu (leused), siffar elliptical yana ba da tsarin da ya dace na hasken haske a cikin wuri mai iyaka.
Naúrar fitilun mota tana amfani da na'urori da yawa don duk fitulun da aka haɗa cikin ƙira ɗaya.An shigar da tushen haske a tsakiyar mai nuna haske - fitilar nau'in nau'i ɗaya ko wani (na al'ada, halogen, LED, xenon), a cikin manyan fitilun katako na filament ko arc yana cikin mayar da hankali na mai nunawa, a cikin fitilun da aka tsoma shi. an kawo gaba kadan.A gaba, an rufe fitilun fitilun tare da mai watsawa - wani yanki mai haske da aka yi da gilashi ko polycarbonate, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kan corrugation.Kasancewar corrugation yana tabbatar da watsawa iri ɗaya na hasken haske akan duk yankin da aka haskaka.Babu mai watsawa a cikin fitilun bincike da fitilun bincike, mafi daidai, gilashin da ke rufe fitilar ba shi da corrugation, yana da santsi.A cikin fitilun hazo, ana iya fentin ruwan tabarau rawaya.
Zane-zane na fitilolin mota ya fi rikitarwa.Suna dogara ne akan mai nuna elliptical, a cikin mayar da hankali kan abin da aka shigar da fitilar, kuma a wasu nisa - ruwan tabarau na tattarawa na gani.Tsakanin ruwan tabarau da abin dubawa akwai yuwuwar samun allo mai motsi wanda ke canza hasken haske lokacin sauyawa tsakanin ƙaramin katako da katako mai tsayi.
Gabaɗaya ƙira da aiki na fitilar mota mai ruwan tabarau
Jiki da ruwan tabarau na fitilun fitila suna da alama tare da manyan halayensa da nau'ikan fitulun da za'a iya shigar dasu.Shigar da wasu hanyoyin haske ba a yarda da shi ba (tare da keɓancewa da yawa), wannan na iya canza halayen fitilun mota, kuma a sakamakon haka, abin hawa ba zai wuce dubawa ba.
Batutuwa na zaɓi, sauyawa da aiki na fitilun mota
Don zaɓar sabon na'urorin gani, yana da muhimmanci a yi la'akari da ƙira, fasali da halaye na tsofaffin samfurori, da kyau ya kamata ku saya fitilar mota na wannan samfurin.Idan muna magana ne game da fitilun hazo ko fitilun bincike da fitilun binciken da ba a kan motar ba, to a nan ya kamata ku yi la'akari da yiwuwar shigar da waɗannan na'urori akan motar (kasancewar madaidaicin madaidaicin, da dai sauransu) da halayen su.
Ya kamata a biya kulawa ta musamman ga zaɓin fitilun mota.A yau, yawanci ana gabatar da su a cikin nau'i biyu - tare da m (fararen fata) da ɓangaren rawaya na siginar juyawa.Lokacin zabar fitilun fitila tare da ɓangaren siginar siginar rawaya, kuna buƙatar siyan fitila tare da kwan fitila mai haske, lokacin zabar fitilun fitila tare da ɓangaren siginar farar fata, kuna buƙatar siyan fitila tare da kwan fitila mai rawaya (amber).
Ana yin maye gurbin fitilolin mota bisa ga umarnin aiki da gyaran mota.Bayan maye gurbin, ya zama dole don daidaita fitilun fitilun bisa ga umarnin guda ɗaya.A cikin mafi sauƙi, ana yin wannan aikin ta amfani da allo - jirgin sama na tsaye tare da alamomi wanda aka nuna alamar fitilun, bango, ƙofar gareji, shinge, da dai sauransu na iya aiki a matsayin allo.
Don ƙananan ƙananan ƙirar Turai (tare da katako mai asymmetric), wajibi ne don tabbatar da cewa iyakar babba na ɓangaren kwance na hasken haske yana kusa da tsakiyar tsakiyar fitilun.Don tantance wannan nisa, zaku iya amfani da dabara mai zuwa:
h = H–(14×L×H)/1000000
inda h shine nisa daga axis na fitilolin mota zuwa saman iyakar tabo, H shine nisa daga saman titi zuwa tsakiyar fitilolin mota, L shine nisa daga mota zuwa allo, naúrar ma'auni shine. mm.
Don daidaitawa, wajibi ne a sanya motar a nesa na mita 5-8 daga allon, ƙimar h ya kamata ya kwanta a cikin kewayon 35-100 mm, dangane da tsayin motar da wurin da fitilun ta.
Don babban katako, ya zama dole don tabbatar da cewa tsakiyar wuraren hasken ya ta'allaka ne da rabin nisa daga axis na fitilun fitilun da kan iyakar ƙarancin haske.Har ila yau, ya kamata a bitar da gatari na fitilun fitilun gaba da gaba, ba tare da karkata zuwa ga bangarorin ba.
Tare da zaɓin da ya dace da daidaitawa na fitilun mota, motar za ta karbi kayan aikin haske masu kyau wanda ya dace da ka'idodin ka'idoji kuma yana tabbatar da tsaro a kan hanya lokacin tuki a cikin duhu.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-22-2023