A cikin kowane mota na zamani, tarakta da sauran motoci, ana amfani da na'urorin haske da dama - fitilu.Karanta game da abin da fitilar mota take, wane nau'in fitilu da kuma yadda aka tsara su, yadda za a zabi da kuma sarrafa fitilu iri-iri - karanta a cikin wannan labarin.
Menene fitilar mota?
Fitilar mota na'urar lantarki ce mai haskaka haske, tushen haske na wucin gadi wanda ake juyar da wutar lantarki zuwa hasken haske ta wata hanya ko wata.
Ana amfani da fitilun mota don magance matsaloli da yawa:
• Hasken hanya da kewaye a cikin duhu ko a yanayin rashin isashen gani (hazo, ruwan sama, guguwar ƙura) - fitilolin mota, fitilun hazo, fitilun bincike da fitilun bincike;
• Fitilar faɗakar da amincin hanya – alamun jagora, fitilun birki, sigina mai juyawa, fitilolin gudu na rana, hasken farantin baya, fitilolin hazo na baya;
Ƙararrawa game da yanayin motar, abubuwan da ke tattare da ita da kuma taro - sigina da fitilun sarrafawa akan dashboard;
• Hasken cikin gida - motar ciki, injin injin, ɗakin kaya;
• Hasken gaggawa - fitillu mai nisa da sauransu;
• Gyarawa da sabunta motoci - fitulun haske na ado.
Don magance kowane ɗayan waɗannan matsalolin, ana amfani da fitilu da sauran hanyoyin haske (LEDs) na ƙira da halaye daban-daban.Don yin zaɓin fitila mai kyau, da farko kuna buƙatar fahimtar nau'ikan su da fasali.
Nau'i da halaye na fitilun mota
Ana iya raba fitilun mota zuwa nau'i da nau'ikan bisa ga ƙa'idar zahiri, halaye da manufa.
Dangane da ka'idar aikin jiki, fitilu sun kasu kashi kamar haka:
• Fitilolin wuta;
• Xenon gas-fitarwa (arc, xenon-metal halide);
• fitilu masu haske na gas (neon da cike da wasu iskar gas);
• Fitilar fitilu;
Maɓuɓɓugan haske na Semiconductor – LEDs.
Kowane nau'in fitilun da aka kwatanta suna da fasalin ƙirar sa da ka'idar aiki.
fitulun wuta.Madogarar hasken filayen tungsten da aka yi zafi zuwa babban zafin jiki, an rufe shi a cikin gilashin gilashi.Suna iya samun filament ɗaya ko biyu (haɗe ƙananan fitilun katako), akwai nau'ikan guda uku:
• Vacuum - ana fitar da iska daga cikin kwandon, saboda abin da filament ba ya yin oxidize lokacin da aka yi zafi;
• Cike da iskar gas mara amfani - nitrogen, argon ko cakuda su ana zub da su a cikin kwandon;
• Halogen - kwan fitila ya ƙunshi cakuda halogen vapors na aidin da bromine, wanda ke inganta aikin fitilar da halayensa.
Ana amfani da fitilun Vacuum a yau kawai a cikin sassan kayan aiki, a cikin haskakawa, da dai sauransu. Fitilolin duniya da aka cika da iskar gas ba su da yawa.Ana amfani da fitilun halogen ne kawai a cikin fitilolin mota.
Xenon fitilu.Waɗannan fitulun baka ne na lantarki, akwai na'urorin lantarki guda biyu a cikin kwan fitila, a tsakanin su wutan lantarki yana ƙonewa.Kwan fitila yana cike da iskar xenon, wanda ke ba da halayen da ake bukata na fitilar.Akwai fitilun xenon da bi-xenon, suna kama da fitilu masu filament guda biyu don ƙananan katako mai tsayi.
Fitilolin iskar gas.Wadannan fitulun suna amfani da karfin iskar gas (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon) don fitar da haske lokacin da wutar lantarki ta ratsa su.Fitilolin neon da aka fi amfani da su sune lemu, fitilun argon suna ba da haske mai shuɗi, fitilun krypton suna ba da haske shuɗi.
Fitilar fitilu.A cikin waɗannan fitilu, haske yana fitar da sutura ta musamman a cikin kwan fitila - phosphor.Wannan shafi yana haskakawa ne saboda shayar da makamashi, wanda a cikin nau'in hasken ultraviolet yana fitowa ta hanyar tururin mercury lokacin da wutar lantarki ta wuce ta cikin su.
LED fitilu.Waɗannan su ne na'urorin semiconductor (diodes masu fitar da haske) wanda radiation na gani ke tasowa sakamakon sakamakon ƙididdiga a cikin haɗin pn (a wurin tuntuɓar semiconductor na kaddarorin daban-daban).LED, ba kamar sauran hanyoyin hasken wuta ba, a zahiri shine tushen haske.
Fitila na nau'ikan nau'ikan suna da takamaiman aikace-aikace:
• Fitilar wutan wuta sun fi dacewa, a yau ana amfani da su don fitilun kai, ƙararrawa, a cikin gida, azaman sarrafawa da fitilun sigina a cikin dashboards, da sauransu;
• Xenon - kawai a cikin hasken kai;
• Hasken iskar gas - fitilun neon a matsayin nuna alama da fitilun sarrafawa (da wuya a yi amfani da su a yau), neon da sauran bututun gas don hasken ado;
• Fluorescent - azaman salon (da wuya) da tushen haske mai nisa don gaggawa, gyare-gyare, da sauransu;
• LEDs sune tushen hasken duniya waɗanda ake amfani da su a yau a cikin fitilun kai, don siginar haske, azaman hasken rana, a cikin sassan kayan aiki.
LED fitilar H4
Fitilolin mota suna da manyan halaye da yawa:
• Ƙarfin wutar lantarki - 6, 12 da 24 V, bi da bi don babura, motoci da manyan motoci;
• Ƙarfin wutar lantarki - ƙarfin da fitilar ke cinyewa yawanci yana fitowa daga kashi goma na watt (sigina da fitilun sarrafawa) zuwa dubun watts da yawa (fitilolin fitilun).Yawancin lokaci, fitilun filin ajiye motoci, fitilun birki da alamun jagora suna da ikon 4-5 watts, fitilun kai - daga 35 zuwa 70 watts, dangane da nau'in (fitilar fitilu - 45-50 watts, fitilun halogen - 60-65 watts, xenon). fitilu - har zuwa 75 watts ko fiye);
Hasken haske - ana auna ƙarfin hasken hasken da fitilar ta haifar a cikin lumens (Lm).Fitilar incandescent na al'ada suna haifar da haske mai haske har zuwa 550-600 Lm, fitilun halogen na iko iri ɗaya - 1300-2100 Lm, fitilun xenon - har zuwa 3200 Lm, fitilun LED - 20-500 Lm;
• Zazzabi mai launi sifa ce ta launin hasken fitilar, wanda aka nuna a digiri Kelvin.Fitilar fitilu suna da zafin launi na 2200-2800 K, fitilun halogen - 3000-3200 K, fitilun xenon - 4000-5000 K, fitilun LED - 4000-6000 K. Mafi girman yawan zafin jiki, hasken fitilar shine.
Na dabam, akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na fitilu bisa ga bakan radiation:
• fitilu na al'ada - suna da kwan fitila na gilashin talakawa, suna fitar da su a cikin nau'i mai yawa (a cikin yankunan gani da kusa-ultraviolet da infrared);
• Tare da tacewa na ultraviolet - sami flask ɗin da aka yi da gilashin quartz, wanda ke riƙe da hasken ultraviolet.Ana amfani da waɗannan fitilun a cikin fitilolin mota tare da diffuser da aka yi da polycarbonate ko wasu robobi, waɗanda ke rasa halayensu kuma radiation UV ta lalata su.
Duk da haka, halayen da ke sama lokacin zabar fitilu ba su da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka tsara su da nau'in tushe, wanda ya kamata a faɗi dalla-dalla.
Nau'in iyakoki, ƙira da kuma amfani da fitulun mota
A yau, ana amfani da fitilu tare da tushe iri-iri, amma duk sun kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyi:
• Turai - fitilu da aka ƙera bisa ga Dokar UNECE No. 37, wannan ma'auni kuma an karɓa a Rasha (GOST R 41.37-99);
• Amurka - fitulun da aka ƙera daidai da dokokin NHTSA (Hukumar Tsaro ta Hanyar Hanya ta Ƙasa), wasu nau'ikan fitilu suna da takwarorinsu na Turai.
Ba tare da la'akari da rukuni ba, fitilu na iya samun tushe na nau'ikan masu zuwa:
• Flanged - tushe yana da flange mai ƙuntatawa, haɗin lantarki yana yin lambobi masu lebur;
• Fil - an yi tushe a cikin nau'i na ƙoƙon ƙarfe tare da fil biyu ko uku don gyarawa a cikin harsashi;
• Tare da soket na filastik (tushe na rectangular) - fitilun da aka yi da wuta tare da soket ɗin filastik tare da haɗin haɗin gwiwa.Ana iya kasancewa mai haɗawa a gefe ko a ƙasa (coaxial);
• Tare da tushe gilashi - tushe yana cikin ɓangaren gilashin gilashi, ana sayar da lambobin lantarki a cikin ƙananan sa;
• Tare da gilashin gilashi da filastik filastik - filastik filastik tare da ko ba tare da mai haɗawa yana samuwa a gefen hular (a cikin wannan yanayin, lambobin sadarwa daga kullun suna wucewa ta ramukan da ke cikin chuck);
• Soffit (mai tushe biyu) - fitilu masu siliki tare da sansanonin da ke kan iyakar, kowane tasha na karkace yana da tushe.
A lokaci guda kuma, fitilu masu nau'ikan tushe daban-daban sun kasu kashi-kashi bisa ga manufarsu:
Rukuni na 1 - ba tare da hani ba - fitilun fitilun ƙanana da babba, fitulun hazo, da sauransu. (S2 da S3 na babura da mopeds, da sauransu);
• Rukuni na 2 - fitilun faɗakarwa, fitilun sigina, fitilun jujjuya, fitilolin ajiye motoci, fitilun faranti, da sauransu. wasu kuma;
• Rukuni na 3 - fitilu don maye gurbin samfurori iri ɗaya a cikin motocin da aka dakatar.Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da fitilun R2 (tare da kwan fitila mai zagaye, ana amfani da su sosai akan tsoffin motocin gida), S1 da C21W;
• Fitilolin fitarwa na Xenon - wannan rukunin ya haɗa da fitilun xenon masu alamar D.
Nau'in motafitila
iyalaiAiwatar da manyan nau'ikan fitilun mota
Akwai nau'ikan fitulun Rukuni 1 iri biyu da ake amfani da su don fitilun mota:
• Tare da filament ɗaya (ko arc ɗaya a cikin yanayin fitilar xenon) - ana amfani dashi azaman tsoma ko babban fitilar katako.A cikin na'urorin katako masu wucewa, filament a ƙasa yana rufe shi da wani allo mai siffa ta musamman domin hasken hasken yana jujjuya shi kawai zuwa ɓangaren sama na fitilun fitila;
• Tare da filament guda biyu - ana amfani dashi azaman tsoma da babban fitilar katako.A cikin waɗannan fitilun, filament ɗin suna rabu da wani ɗan nesa ta yadda idan an shigar da filament a cikin fitilun fitilun, babban filament na fitilun katako yana cikin abin da ke mayar da hankali ga abin da ke nunawa, kuma filament ɗin fitilun da aka tsoma ba a mayar da hankali ba, kuma ana rufe filament ɗin da aka tsoma daga. kasan allo.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa nau'in (categori) na fitilar da kuma nau'in tushe ba abu ɗaya ba ne.Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na fitilu sun bambanta a cikin ƙira kuma suna iya samun daidaitattun tushe, mafi yawan nau'in tushe ana nuna su a cikin adadi.
Zaɓin daidai da fasali na aiki na fitilun mota
Lokacin zabar fitilu a cikin mota, ya kamata ka yi la'akari da nau'in fitilar, nau'in tushe da halayen lantarki - samar da wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki.Zai fi dacewa don siyan fitilu tare da alamomi iri ɗaya waɗanda tsoffin suke da - ta wannan hanyar ana ba ku tabbacin samun daidai abin da kuke buƙata.Idan, saboda dalili ɗaya ko wani, ba zai yiwu ba ko kyawawa don siyan daidai fitila ɗaya (alal misali, lokacin maye gurbin fitilun fitilu na al'ada tare da LED), to yakamata a yi la'akari da nau'in tushe da halayen lantarki.
Lokacin zabar fitilu don hasken kai, kuna buƙatar la'akari da shawarwarin masana'antar mota da aka nuna akan mai watsawa.Don haka, don masu rarraba filastik (kuma akwai mafi yawansu a yau), kuna buƙatar siyan fitilu tare da tacewa na ultraviolet - kusan dukkanin fitilu na halogen ana samar da su kamar haka.Har ila yau, a kan diffuser za a iya nuna alamar fitilu masu dacewa ko za a iya nuna nau'in su (misali, rubutun "Halogen").Zai fi kyau a sayi fitilu a cikin nau'i-nau'i don duka fitilun mota su kasance da halaye iri ɗaya.
Lokacin siyan fitilun don alamun jagora da masu maimaitawa, kuna buƙatar la'akari da launi na masu rarraba su.Idan diffuser ya kasance m, to ya zama dole don zaɓar fitilu tare da kwan fitila na abin da ake kira launin rawaya (amber).Idan an fentin mai watsawa, to fitilar yakamata ta sami kwan fitila mai haske.Ba shi yiwuwa a maye gurbin wani nau'in fitilar da wani (alal misali, sanya fitilar amber maimakon mai haske ko akasin haka), tun da suna da nau'o'in tushe daban-daban kuma ba su canzawa.
Dole ne a kula yayin shigar da fitilu, musamman fitilun kai.Kuna iya ɗaukar fitilar kawai ta tushe ko amfani da safofin hannu mai tsabta.Ragowar man shafawa daga yatsun hannu da datti a kan kwan fitila suna haifar da mummunan sakamako - tsarin radiation na fitilar da halaye sun keta, kuma saboda rashin daidaituwa na dumama, fitilar na iya fashe kuma ta kasa bayan 'yan sa'o'i na aiki.
Tare da zaɓin da ya dace da maye gurbin fitilu, motar za ta cika ka'idodin ka'idoji da kuma samar da aiki mai dadi a cikin yanayi daban-daban.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-21-2023